Kungani Ezinye Izikhungo Zamandla Enuzi Zingenazo Izinqaba Zokupholisa?

 

 

 

I.Indlela Yokupholisa Inquma Isidingo Semibhoshongo Yokupholisa

 

Imfuneko eyinhloko yokupholisa yesikhungo samandla enuzi ukukhipha ukushisa okulahlwayo kwesitimu esikhishwa isitimu. Amasistimu okupholisa ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezintathu:kanye-ngokupholisa, ukupholisa{0}}iluphu elijikelezayo elivaliwe, futhiukupholisa umoya. Imibhoshongo yokupholisa isetshenziswa kuphela-kumasistimu okupholisa ajikelezayo avaliwe.

 

 

 

2.Kuvaliwe-ukupholisa kwe-loop recirculating (kudingeka imibhoshongo yokupholisa)

 

Izikhungo zamandla enuzi ezimaphakathi nezwe, ezivinjwe imithombo yamanzi elinganiselwe, zamukelaamanzi ajikelezayo + umbhoshongo wokupholisaimodi. Amanzi ajikelezayo amunca ukushisa kuma-condenser bese empontshelwa emibhoshongweni epholile ukuze aqede ukushisa kanye nokunciphisa izinga lokushisa ngokuhwamuka, ngaphambi kokuba abuyele emuva ukuze asetshenziswe kabusha, ngaleyo ndlela agweme ukumosheka kwamanzi. Amaphrojekthi wamandla enuzi amaphakathi nezwe (isb., ezinye izimboni zamandla enyukliya aphakathi nezwe eYurophu nase-United States) kufanele zihlonyiswe ngemibhoshongo yokupholisa njengendlela yokucushwa okujwayelekile.

 

3.Isistimu yokupholisa komoya (ayikho imibhoshongo yokupholisa yendabuko edingekayo)

 

Ezinye iziteshi zikagesi ezifundeni ezomile zisebenzisa ukupholisa komoya okuqondile noma okungaqondile, lapho ukuchithwa kokushisa kufinyelelwa ngokuthintana okuqondile noma okungaqondile phakathi komoya kanye nemishini yokushintshanisa ukushisa. Le ndlela ayibandakanyi ukulahleka kokuhwamuka futhi ayidingi imibhoshongo yokupholisa, kodwa inezinga eliphansi lokushintshisana ngokushisa futhi idinga izindawo ezinkulu zokushintshanisa ukushisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwabalandeli okuphezulu.

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II. Umthelela Obalulekile Wezimo Zendawo kanye Nomthombo Wamanzi

 

1.Ubuhle bezindawo ezisogwini/zomfula-eziseduze

 

Amanzi amaningi olwandle namanzi omfula angahlangabezana nezidingo zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kanye nokuwakhipha kanye-ngokupholisa, aqede isidingo semibhoshongo yokupholisa. Njengamanje, zonke izimboni zamandla enuzi eChina zitholakala ngasogwini, ngakho-ke imibhoshongo yokupholisa ngokuvamile ayifakwa.

 

2.Izingqinamba zezindawo ezimaphakathi nezwe/zamanzi{1}}eziyivelakancane

 

Izifunda ezimaphakathi nezwe zibhekene nokungatholakali kwamanzi. Uma-ngokupholisa kuvinjelwe imithetho yokuvikela imvelo kanye nemikhawulo yomthamo wamanzi, okwenza ukupholisa okuvalekile{2}}okujikeleza kabusha kube yinketho eyisibopho, nemibhoshongo yokupholisa ngaleyo ndlela iba ingxenye evamile. Isibonelo, izimboni zamandla enuzi ezimaphakathi nezwe e-United States naseFrance zonke zifakwe imibhoshongo emikhulu yokupholisa i-hyperboloid.

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III. Umehluko Ezinhlotsheni Ze-Reactor nama-Coolants

 

Imiklamo yesistimu yokupholisa iyahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene ze-reactor, futhi ezinye izinhlobo ngokwemvelo azidingi imibhoshongo yokupholisa evamile.

 

Uhlobo lwe-reactor	Ukupholisa	Izimpawu zokupholisa	Isidingo Sombhoshongo Wokupholisa
I-Presurised Water Reactor (PWR)	Amanzi{0}anomfutho ophezulu	Izihibe eziyinhloko nezesibili zihlukaniswa; iluphu yesibili idinga ukupholiswa kwesitimu sokukhipha umoya	Akudingekile ezitshalweni ezisogwini zisebenzisa-ngokupholisa kanye; okudingekayo ezitshalweni ezimaphakathi nezwe zisebenzisa{1}}i-loop cooling evaliwe
I-Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)	Amanzi	Isipholile siyabila ukuze sikhiphe isitimu; i-exhaust steam idinga ukujiya	Akudingekile ezitshalweni ezisogwini zisebenzisa-ngokupholisa kanye; okudingekayo ezitshalweni ezimaphakathi nezwe zisebenzisa{1}}i-loop cooling evaliwe
I-Sodium-epholise i-Fast Reactor	I-sodium ewuketshezi	Insimbi ewuketshezi inikeza ukusebenza kahle kokushintshaniswa kokushisa okuphezulu; akukho ukupholisa okuhwamukayo okudingekayo	Ngokuvamile ayikho imibhoshongo yokupholisa yendabuko edingekayo
I-High{{0}I-Temperature Gas-I-Reactor Epholile	I-Helium	Ukupholisa igesi ngokukhipha ukushisa ngezishintshisi zokushisa	Ayikho imibhoshongo yokupholisa yendabuko edingekayo
I-Thorium-based Molten Salt Reactor	Usawoti oncibilikisiwe	Ukupholisa usawoti oncibilikisiwe; umklamo wesistimu awudingi ukuhwamuka kwamanzi ukuze kukhishwe ukushisa	Ayikho imibhoshongo yokupholisa yendabuko edingekayo

 

 

 

 

IV.Ukuhwebelana-Phakathi Kokuvikelwa Kwemvelo kanye Nezici Zomnotho

 

1.Ukuthobela imvelo

Uma-ngokupholisa kufanele kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso zemvelo mayelana nezinga lokushisa lokuphuma kwamanzi kanye nokungcoliswa kokushisa. Izindawo ezisogwini zinamanzi amakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthobela imithetho. I-Inland closed{3}}i-loop recirculating cooling ilawula ukuphuma kokushisa ngemibhoshongo yokupholisa ukuze ihambisane nemithetho yemvelo.

 

 

2.Ezomnotho

Uma-ngokupholisa sekunezindleko eziphansi zokwakha imali kanye nezindleko zokusebenza kodwa kungaphansi kwezinkinga zomthombo wamanzi. Ukupholisa okuvalekile{2}}ku-loop recirculating kudinga ukwakhiwa kwemibhoshongo yokupholisa, okubandakanya ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu kodwa elungele izindawo{3}}eziyivelakancane. Amasistimu okupholisa komoya angamanzi-onga kodwa asebenzisa amandla a fan aphezulu, okuholela ezindlekweni zokusebenza eziphezulu-zesikhathi eside.

                                                

Izimo Ezikhethekile Nokuthuthukisa Idizayini

 

1.Ukufakwa kwamandla enuzi (imikhumbi/imikhumbi-ngwenya)

Ngenxa yesikhala esilinganiselwe, amasistimu okupholisa ahlangene (isb, amanzi olwandle kanye{2}}ngokupholisa ahlanganiswe{3}}nezishintshi zokushisa ezisebenza kahle kakhulu) ayamukelwa, ngaphandle kwemibhoshongo yokupholisa efakiwe.

 

2.Ama-Modular Reactors Amancane (SMR)

Eminye imiklamo isebenzisa ukupholisa okuhlanganisiwe noma ukupholisa umoya, okwenza isistimu ibe lula futhi iqede isidingo semibhoshongo emikhulu yokupholisa.

 

Sengiphetha, ukuthi isikhungo samandla enuzi sihlome ngemibhoshongo yokupholisa isinqumo esibanzi esisekelwe ezindleleni zokupholisa, izimo zendawo, idizayini ye-reactor, nezici zomnotho. Ugu lwakanye-ngezinhlelo zokupholisa, izinhlobo ezikhethekile ze-reactor (isb, ama-sodium{4}}apholisa ngokushesha ama-reactors,{5}}igesi ephezulu{6}}epholile), kanye namasistimu okupholisa komoya awadingi imibhoshongo yokupholisa evamile, kuyilapho phakathi nezwe evaliwe{7}}i-loop recirculating systems enezinsimbi zokupholisa ezipholile kufanele zifakwe izinto zokupholisa. Ngokunwetshwa kwamandla enuzi ukuya phakathi nezwe kanye{9}}nezindawo eziyivelakancane emanzini, ukusetshenziswa kwemibhoshongo yokupholisa kuzokwanda kakhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe bokupholisa umoya nezinhlobo ezintsha ze-reactor nazo ziqhuba ukuhlukahluka kokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yokupholisa.